Monday, December 30, 2019

Essay on A Proposal for Major League Baseball - 1022 Words

Steroids Solution in Sports Many famous individuals in sports have tried to cheat their way out huge contracts with the help of substances that enhance their abilities. When fans’ trust is being played because of this act of insult to the culture of sports, it should bring shame to the individuals who took part in the accident. Many athletes have been caught and have received punishment, minor punishments, but there shall be more that are willing to try to take the risk. A solution to this matter is to end the individual’s contract ,or just distribute the money to many charities that need the money or to help the community. Have a bingo game with the money that the team is giving to the player. Each time increasing the winning†¦show more content†¦The most talked stat that always been argued to see who the best is the home runs. The steroid era has been devastating for fans that appreciated the game, but no one cannot say that. Kids and adults were leaving the action players brought to the field every day. Many did not know a lot about the steroids being used by famous players, but there were rumors in and out teams. Having a substance that will guarantee help in hand-and-eye coà ¶rdination, better endurance, speed, power, agility and more is the miracle substance for any athlete. Being fun and all, there are numbers that alarms scouts, managers, general managers, fans, media, and more when a player is being productive. When a player is having a good year on the field, making a noise and maintaining the level of play throughout the season is coming. Seeing the same player having more than one horrible season is also common. But when players’ stats are constant for many seasons, that is when red flags come up and questions are followed by it. In the year 2000 according to FanGraphs there were a total of 5,692 home runs in 190,246 plate appearances (FanGraph pg. 1). There were 139,086 contact plays from players in that season recorded, which dictate that the percentage of home runs from contact was 4.1% (FanGraph pg. 1). This means that at in every game there was at least 2 to 4 home runs. That is incredibly high for a season becauseShow MoreRelated A Baseball Proposal Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesA Baseball Proposal Ever since the creation of Americas favorite pastime, baseball, cheating has been an integral part of the game. Each era of baseball has offered new and improved techniques for cheating the game of baseball. Cheating has become a common occurrence in baseball, from the 1919 Chicago BlackRead MoreJackie Robinson s Life Is Not A Spectator Sport837 Words   |  4 PagesRobinson In the words of pro baseball player Jackie Robinson, â€Å"Life is not a spectator sport. If you re going to spend your whole life in the grandstand just watching what goes on, in my opinion you re wasting your life.† Robinson is a true symbol of hard work and dedication. Robinson was one of the first African American baseball players to play on a major league baseball team since the 1880s. Robinson helped to crush the stigma that existed between the segregated leagues. His hard work and dedicationRead MoreMajor League Baseball Salary949 Words   |  4 PagesMajor League Baseball Salary 1/C Morris, 2/C Morris and 2/C Turner Major League Baseball players average just over four million a year making it the second highest paying sport. Players determine win-loss records which drives ticket sales which creates revenue and so on. This is why player salaries is one of the most critical aspects of running a MLB team. These salaries are negotiated using statistics such as batting average, on base percentage, hits and more. When negotiations are not workingRead MoreBaseball And Its Impact On America s National Pastime Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesSince its grand entry in the 19th century, baseball has evolved to be one of the most popular sport nationally and to be known as America’s national pastime. This multibillion dollar industry attracts millions of fans worldwide throughout different regions. The origin of baseball is believed to have evolved from a ball-and-bat game called Seker-Hemant played by ancient Egyptians dating as far back as 2,500 BCE. Fast-forwarding time, modern day baseball began with the formation of the Cincinnati RedRead MoreMEDIATION ANALYSIS ESSAY – 1994-95 MAJOR BASEBALL LEAGUE STRIKE MSgt ANGELA SANDERS AIR FORCE1300 Words   |  6 Pages1994-95 MAJOR BASEBALL LEAGUE STRIKE MSgt ANGELA SANDERS AIR FORCE SENIOR NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER ACADEMY DECEMBER 2, 2014 INSTRUCTOR: SMSgt THOMAS HOLMES How could baseball team owners lose $580 million in revenue and baseball players lose $230 million in salary pay in one year? The 1994-95 Major Baseball League 232 day strike lead to millions of dollars lost and millions of fans frustrated by what they say was an act of war. The mediation between Major LeagueRead MoreAnalysis Of 42 By Brian Helgeland1209 Words   |  5 PagesJackie Roosevelt Robinson, the first baseball player that’s black to play with white people in the Major Leagues in the modern era. Harrison Ford as Branch Rickey, a Major League executive. Nicole Beharie as Rachel Robinson, Jackie Roosevelt Robinson’s wife. Also, Andre Holland as Wendell Smith a reporter for the Pittsburgh Courier. The movie, â€Å"42† is about a proficient, tough man named Jackie Roosevelt Robinson’s journey of playing baseball in the major leagues with white people, while experiencingRead MoreThe Illegal Steroid Use in The Major League Baseball1355 Words   |  6 Pagesand study the illegal steroid use in Major League Baseball, and possible ways it can be exempt from the game forever. Use of performance enhancing drugs is cheating and causes inequalities, in which new repercussions should be implemented. These new rules should include a zero tolerance level, records stripped and not being rewarded of their accomplishments; which is to include banishment from an admittance into the Hall of Fame. Furthermore, it causes major health concerns and could end a player’sRead MoreTypes of Head Gear1277 Words   |  5 PagesTypes of Head Gear Implemented/ Effectiveness Within the game of baseball, only select players are required to wear headgear. These include batters and back catchers. The proposal for new pitching caps will be explored within the next section, while the effectiveness of batting helmets and catcher helmets/masks is the focal point of this section. We will begin with a brief overview of the rationale of the helmet. Helmets are ultimately designed to lessen the energy resulting from a massive impactRead MoreMajor League Baseball Essay909 Words   |  4 Pages1. Briefly, what are the major developments in the history of the labor-management relationship within Major League Baseball? According to Lewicki, Barry Saunders (2010), the major developments of labor-management relationship within Major League Baseball (MLB) started in the late 1960s and were characterized by the ongoing disputes between the owners and the players that resulted in the following hard bargaining agreements, work stoppages and lockouts: a) 1st and 2nd Basic Agreement – was aRead More The Life Of Babe Ruth Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pages The Life Of Babe Ruth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Babe Ruth, born George Ruth, Jr., is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. Everybody knows how great a hitter Babe was and how he virtually invented the home run. Not everybody knows how great of a pitcher Babe was, even though he was one of the best left-handed pitchers of all time. Babe had a 92 and 44 record, 67.6%, and a 2.24 career earned- run average in 163 games pitched. Not many career .342 hitters that averaged

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Truth, Reconciliation, Healing A Curriculum - 1478 Words

Truth, Reconciliation, Healing: A curriculum Joshua Lorenz Vancouver Island University Abstract This paper brings together the two perspectives of residential school abuse and the viewpoint of healing. Intergenerational effects have been created due to residential school and have devastating impacts on Aboriginal communities. This paper explores how a school curriculum would help spread awareness of the wrongs committed against Aboriginal communities and how we can set the path for healing. From the 1880s to 1996, residential schools were operated in Canada by the church and the Canadian government. Designed to assimilate aboriginal peoples into the dominant Canadian culture, it has created intergenerational†¦show more content†¦According to the Truth and Reconciliation Committee, their main purpose was to assimilate aboriginal peoples into the dominant Canadian culture by â€Å"killing the Indian in the child.† By converting the aboriginal children to â€Å"western† society, the goal was to make First Nations economically self-sufficient and have the ability to function in the new world dominated by strangers. At its peak during the 1930s, the residential school system totaled 80 institutions (Miller, 2001). The whole system was traumatizing for children being ripped from their parents at a young age and taken to these alien institutions, the schools were also segregated according to gender. Life at residential school was harsh. Minimal food was supplied with little nutrition. Further more in 2013, research by food historian Ian Mosby (as cited in Miller, 2001) revealed that in the 1940s and 1950s students at residential schools forced to undergo nutritional experiments without their consent or the consent of their parents. These studies included â€Å"restricting some students’ access to essential nutrients and dental care in order to assess the effect of malnutrition and improvements to diet for other students.† Clothing was often inadequate: ill-fitting, shabby and not suitable for winter protection (Trc.ca, n.d.). These issues resulted in many children suffering malnutrition and disease. The children were also not allowed to speak their native language or practice their religion, even in lettersShow MoreRelatedThe Indian Residential School System852 Words   |  4 Pagesexamines how Canada’s lack of action after the formal apology illustrates that reconciliation for Indigenous peoples cultural gen ocide caused by the Indian Residential school system is impossible unless the government takes action. Although Stephen Harper has formally apologized for Indian Residential schools on the behalf of the Canadian government, very little has been taken towards reconciliation. (CBC2) Reconciliation is not solely an apology, but actions that must be taken to preserve IndigenousRead MoreInformative Speech: The Congress of Racial Equality Essay1011 Words   |  5 Pagesorganization. Foundation of CORE:  · by a group of students in Chicago in 1942  · Early members included George Houser, James Farmer, Anna Murray and Bayard Rustin.  · Members were mainly pacifists (CORE evolved out of the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation.)  · deeply influenced by Henry David Thoreau and the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi  · tried to implement the nonviolent civil disobedience campaign that M. Gandi used successfully against British rule in India.  · The students became convincedRead MoreChristian Education and Relevant Distinctives2456 Words   |  10 Pagesassumptions are made evident to students. In the realm of Christian schools integration of the curriculum that provides balance for various student aspects. This will ensure that they are restored to their original position of the image and likeness of God. Education is an agent of Gods restoration, and it should be used to restore fallen humanity to their original state. Therefore, education curriculum should be balanced to facilitate restoration. This will not focus only in the mental aspects butRead MoreSocial Construction Of Aboriginal Peoples2100 Words   |  9 PagesEnglish language arts (ELA) teacher, my motivations in this paper involve using Marilyn Dumont s poetry as a way to address Beard s concerns, [building students ] capacity for intercultural understanding, empathy, and mutual respect (Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 7), while simultaneou sly teaching them how to analyse poetry. More specifically, Dumont s series of beading poems, in her collection The Pemmican Eaters, provides an opportunity to engage high school students in a discussionRead MoreThe Apartheid Of South Africa2268 Words   |  10 Pagessuch as the Group Areas Act of 1950 which enforced segregated living spaces, and the Bantu Education Act of 1953, which put all African schools under the control of the Department of Native Affairs, which regulated education and imposed a uniform curriculum which was to prepare students towards more manual type labor. These acts and other like them pushed Africans to start to up protest, at first peacefully through non-violent protest, but eventually violence was seen as the only way. These protestRead MoreAll About Peace Education13195 Words   |  53 Pageseffective, non-violent, and rooted in the local culture. †¢ Handle conflicts in ways that respect the rights and dignity of all involved. †¢ Integrate an understanding of peace, human rights, social justice and global issues throughout the curriculum whenever possible. †¢ Provide a forum for the explicit discussion of values of peace and social justice. †¢ Use teaching and learning methods that stress participation, cooperation, problem-solving and respect for differences. †¢ EnableRead MoreHistory Notes on Cuban Missile Crisis and Protest in America in the 1960s4816 Words   |  20 PagesLove, not War.’ These protests were taking place all over the world and reached a peak in 1968. Key demands in these protests were greater participation by students in the decisions of the universities administration and a transformation of the curriculum. They also included wider political and social demands such as less violence by government and protests against the communist bloc in Eastern Europe. Key Terms Civil Society Protest – Forms of protest usually against laws or government policiesRead MoreEffective Practices for Infusing Human Rights and Peace Education Middle School and High School Level3877 Words   |  16 Pagesthrough the Use of Emergent Curriculum. Ask students to share what they think needs to be more fully addressed at the global, local and individual level. Give your input as well. Ask students to compare their answers to the UDHR articles. Teachers use the information to make curriculum pertinent to students’ lives and students use self-identified articles for further research and weave into ongoing assignments. Use the information students provide to develop curriculum activities. For in-depth studyRead MoreUt Unum Sint25504 Words   |  103 Pagesin Christ, united in following in the footsteps of the martyrs, cannot remain divided. If they wish truly and effectively to oppose the worlds tendency to reduce to powerlessness the Mystery of Redemption, they must lt;profess together the same truth about the Cross.gt;[1] The Cross! An anti- Christian outlook seeks to minimize the Cross, to empty it of its meaning, and to deny that in it man has the source of his new life. It claims that the Cross is unable to provide either vision or hope. ManRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 Pages............................................................... General Principles ......................................................................... Dealing With Erring Members ................................................. To Seek Reconciliation ............................................................. 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Friday, December 13, 2019

Ict In Class Rooms In Rural Areas Education Essay Free Essays

string(125) " mentioned that pupils in this country are ever willing to larn, so it wo n’t be a job for them to acquire used to it\." This undertaking is focused in implementing ICT in rural country, and the instance survey is on fufore local authorities in Yola. As we all know rural countries in Nigeria lack quality and basic instruction, when you talk about instruction in rural country what comes to our caput is low criterion of acquisition, hapless instruction, non good equipt category suites for pupil ‘s instruction or deficiency of proper substructure suited for instruction. Fufore Local Government is settled country in the southern portion of Adamawa with five major linguistic communications known as Fulani ( largest ) , Bata, Verre, Laka and Pere, it consist of 1500 people that live at that place, most of them prosecute in cowss rise uping, domestic fowl, farming etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Ict In Class Rooms In Rural Areas Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now When one went to detect these schools i noticed there were at least 300 kids that went to both baby’s room and secondary schools, but the job is they lack installations that will do these pupils feel they are larning which makes some pupils even drop out of schools and get down prosecuting in house work activities. This undertaking focuses on schools in fufore that need ICT services to better pupil ‘s cognition and ability to larn in order for these schools to hold equal instruction as the pupils in urban schools, if pupils in the rural country are non given equal instruction as pupils in the urban country there is a consequence of inequality. â€Å" Unequal tools in an unequal environment create unequal consequences † ( Ukpe, 2010 ) . Implementation/ Application of ICT in category suites in rural country is traveling to profit both the society as a whole, the instructors, and the pupils. It goes a long manner to assist the society, because when pupils start utilizing ICT in schoolrooms some of their friends at place will besides happen it interesting this will do them besides want to get down schooling and cognize what school is approximately. This survey will besides be used as a instance survey to many parts of rural countries in Nigeria, doing them cognizant of how value ICT is in our coevals and besides doing these local pupils to suit into any schools they find themselves in in urban schools because this execution of ICT will non merely do these pupils concentrate on merely computing machine and information surveies they will besides larn how to use the cognition in their assorted classs. Methodology In order to hold grounds for the execution of ICT in schoolrooms, I will hold to compare this primary/secondary schools in rural country with the one time in urban. The methods I used are personal observation, interview and on-line research ( cyberspace ) . We can see most urban schools have good functioned schoolrooms with good equipped IT services such as utilizing projectors in category suites, computing machines, wireless LANs, File direction utilizing databases. In order to convert these administrations we have to province the grounds why we think ICT is of import for these locals in rural country. Merely looking at an illustration of an urban schools such as Abti Academy in Yola, Capital scientific discipline in kuje, El-Amin International school in Minna ; we can see they all have what it takes for them to hold a well cognition of what IT is all about, they do category interactions, they submit their plants in timely mode particularly the senior pupils, it broadens their heads which they can associate to other classs and use them when necessary, The pupils have full entree to the lab to make research, take classs in computing machine instruction, type paperss and gather information on relevant subjects for their coursework and from every observation I noticed that schools in the urban country have high rankings in their external and internal tests such as mock tests, WEAC exams. In order to cognize what is truly the job of these schools towards their deficiency of ICT knowledge an interview was taken with most principals in these rural schools shown below. Make you cognize what a computing machine is? Make you mean to larn how to utilize it and make you mean to learn these pupils if you have the opportunity to? Make you have a computing machine? And do you cognize how to surf on the cyberspace with it? What do you believe about implementing ICT in schoolrooms? How do you believe it will impact the pupils? Interview Summary The interview was conducted with three different principals of three different countries in fufore, but all their replies were closely the same. They stated they ‘ve had an experience utilizing a computing machine, that it would be great to hold such an chance to utilize computing machines and other IT services in their schools, it will certainly assist the pupils and edify them about what the universe is all approximately now. They stated that they ‘ve all being provided by the school with merely one computing machine and an internet connexion, and in a rural topographic point like fufore I believe there is a limited sum of power supply which makes it even more hard to utilize this computing machine by anyone. They stated pupils in their country are in demand of ICT in schoolrooms in order to doing learning easier for both the instructors and pupils, they besides have a job with their instructors who do n’t get computing machine accomplishments, it will be hard fo r them to learn and steer these pupils through. ICT will greatly impact and hold a positive influence on these pupils, they will hold an chance to be traveling for national competitions because these services will non merely better them in one country, they will besides hold the ability to talk proper and fluid English, they can besides larn how to type by making their class plants on their computing machines and making research on the cyberspace which will even assist the senior pupils in history categories. They besides mentioned that pupils in this country are ever willing to larn, so it wo n’t be a job for them to acquire used to it. You read "Ict In Class Rooms In Rural Areas Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Development and Implementation of ICT in category suites in rural country: fufore LGA Through ICT in rural schools it will spread out the entree to pupil ‘s instruction, now that engineering is one of the things that helps us develop in this universe. So we have to do the rural schools aware of that which will greatly impact both the pupils and their talks, it will besides do them aware of what is go oning in our universe today ( News ) by shoping on the cyberspace, besides assist them better interactions in footings of picture conferencing and distance acquisition ; through picture conferencing it will enable to portion thoughts and know about other classs that are non offered in the school. ICT is an extensively strong engineering for widening and spread outing educational chances in formal and informal ways, in this instance rural schools. â€Å" ICT is a technological development that reflects the new society and has its topographic point within instruction. However, as with many new enterprises, ICT evidently has its jobs that over clip will be addressed. Meantime, ICT should go on to be promoted to help with instruction and acquisition. I will heartedly hold with anyone who states that ICT is a valuable tool for both instruction and larning – speech production as person who got the last lessons program for my instruction from the Internet- but I ca n’t assist feeling that the accent on the usage of ICT detracts from other current ‘sexy ‘ instruction issue – socialization. I believe that developing instructors ‘ societal and reding technique is a greater precedence than their ICT accomplishment † ( Sime A ; Mark, 2005 ) Entree to remote learning resources: Teachers and pupils no longer hold to trust on printed text editions or even purchase them due to how expensive they can be, they instructors can merely happen text editions on the net and direct the pupils to entree them excessively. With the Internet and the World Wide Web, a wealth of larning stuffs in about every topic and in a assortment of media can now be accessed from anyplace at any clip of the twenty-four hours and by an limitless figure of people. This is important for many schools in developing states. Students will hold control towards self acquisition: For illustration, instructors can merely give a research paper as an appraisal for the pupils, during that research they besides learn a batch through seeking and shoping different articles. This besides broadens their heads to besides believe fast, detect the state of affairs of the research, leting their heads to take over and hold control of what they are making and besides doing their ain sentiments and what they think. Motivation to larn: the usage of multimedia computing machine package that include sound effects, images can be used in larning procedure for people in rural countries, besides as synergistic wirelesss and other public presentation. This will actuate the locals to larn because it ‘s new to them and so i believe that some locals tend to understand images or artworks instead than reading them that manner they understand better. Use of modern instruction tools: in rural countries they still have an old manner of learning their pupils ; some do n’t even hold notebooks, or other writing stuffs. Through ICT, pupils can larn how to pull off their files on computing machines instead than composing notes in their notebooks, besides instructors have PowerPoint to show to the category by that they can merely compose short notes on what the instructor is speaking about. In order to better the school from my ain point of position it needs these demands for pupils to hold a basic thought of ICT is approximately. Provision of hardware resources for internet connectivity such as WAN, LAN, MAN. Software bundles for larning or academic related Cadmiums which they can put in in their computing machines to better ego acquisition. Television for the nursery school pupils because kids in nursery school learn faster with images instead than utilizing books, and Projectors for the primary and secondary pupils. A well functional and equipped computing machine that contains at least 15 computing machines. Power supply via solar energy, because electricity is n’t that dependable and effectual in rural countries, and besides this execution is based in fufore which is ever cheery every twenty-four hours. So solar would be a good beginning of electricity. These executions can be done with the aid of private administrations and even the authorities, we all know nil is free ; these administrations can acquire net income out of this successful execution and undertaking. They will maintain implementing ICT and bettering other schools in this country. Since I noted that non all instructors have enough computing machine accomplishments to manage the pupils larning or to command these equipments, the administrations besides have to provide the schools with good trained teachers/experts to demo them how to take attention of things merely for some clip. This is an expensive and critical undertaking due to many resources that are needed, power supply because without power supply these resources are merely traveling to stop up being at that place without no 1 utilizing it and besides this is the hereafter of our kids to edify them and doing them hold a cognition of IT, doing them have the same and equal instruction the urban schools are holding so they wo n’t experience left out. From all observations we can see how value instruction is and rural instruction can non be compared to the urban because they have more experience in ICT than the locals have. ICT in category suites has a batch of advantages and benefits to our day-to-day life now, makes pupils get accomplishments, accomplishments that will take them to the following degree, skills that will better their manner of thought and will besides alter their lives because after school they can travel to these urban countries and acquire a good occupation alternatively of remaining in their country and making the basic business such as farming. Technology is portion of our universe now and its used in our day-to-day activities, with the assistance ICT in category suites they will hold entree to distance larning which will heighten their acquisition accomplishments and ability, non merely within the category room but globally or worldwide. In order for these pupils to be equal with pupils from other developed schools, they need to be given a opportunity ; they need to be given the chances that are being given to the more fortunate schools/students. Nigerian Government, private administrations and private beginnings have to come together to do this possible for our coevals and besides to assist the state. How to cite Ict In Class Rooms In Rural Areas Education Essay, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Meaning of Life and Success free essay sample

Extended Definition Essay Success The most Important thing In my life Is thought to be happiness. In order to achieve success you must adjust to very situation with ease. Success Is It the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result, or Is It simply achieving ones own personal goals. According to The American Heritage dictionary success Is, the achievement of something desired, planned, or attempt. The word success itself means to achieve your goal or get the point that you looking for. Some people success meant to them to be rich or to finish school and work high pay Jobs. But for me success means more han that. Success means to me have peace and love; also to get married and to enter heaven after this life is over. To be sure, everybody who has peace and love is a successful succeeding person. Wthout peace and love there is no success. We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Life and Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You wake up in the morning and you dont worry about anything that day; that is success for me, because the life is short, you dont have to be concerned about anything. Also if you have a family that loves you and is always happy for what you are doing, that is success. In addition, if you take care of your old parents and they love you and they live a happy life, which is uccess tor me. Additionally, success Is also something that Is viewed differently In the eyes of everyone. This is because success means doing what I have always wanted do being where I have always wanted to be. My goal In life Is to eventually get married toa good wife and have many happy children and If I accomplished that, then I could view myself as having success. Lastly, meaning of success for me Is to enter the heaven after this life Is over. We know that life in this world is too short, and we dont know when we are going to die and what we are going to get after this life. That is a simple answer; do good deeds in this world and you are going to be successful in the Ife hereafter. That means you enter the heaven for sure and that is big reward from God to his mankind. There is no dying after this life; that means f you dont enter the heaven you will be the loser and who ever go in the heaven will be the winner. In conclusion, I still agree with the Idea I presented: however according to the dictionary and many other resources, success means to them achievement. But according to my own opinion success means to believe the ones of God, and to have eace and love in your whole life, and to get in heaven the life hereafter. Meaning of Life and Success BY elm12696 The most important thing in my life is thought to be happiness. In order to achieve success you must adjust to very situation with ease. Success is it the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result, or is it simply achieving ones own personal goals. According to The American Heritage dictionary success is, the achievement of Without peace and love there is no success. You wake up in the morning and you you dont have to be concerned about anything. Also if you have a family that loves uccess for me. Additionally, success is also something that is viewed differently in the eyes of where I have always wanted to be. My goal in life is to eventually get married to a good wife and have many happy children and if I accomplished that, then I could Lastly, meaning of success for me is to enter the heaven after this life is over. We this world and you are going to be successful in the life hereafter. That means you no dying after this life; that means if you dont enter the heaven you will be the loser In conclusion, I still agree with the idea I presented: however according to the

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Pygmalion free essay sample

The distinctive voices, characteristic in any text/s, can be deconstructed to develop an understanding which may validate, challenge or disprove society’s values and/or beliefs within a given context. Language, in all its forms, is a human thing, and allows the traces or imprints of human use, not inherently but in its use. A text may promote obvious distinction between the authorial voice and characters viewpoint. This can be seen in the play of Pygmalion in by George Bernard shaw and the film Pleasantville directed by Gary Ross.Both of these texts show distinctive voices through dialogue the use of dialogue which highlights the relationships and differences between characters. Pygmalion is a play in five acts. It is about a young woman named Eliza Doolittle who sells flowers on the side of the street. She is very poor and badly spoken. She meets Mr. Higgins who is a phonetician (an expert in the spoken English Language). We will write a custom essay sample on Pygmalion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In act 1 her distinctive voices described as needing to wash her hair, dirty compared to the other ladies and dressed in a shoddy coat and coarse skirt.Her social class is also revealed in her manner of speaking. She uses colloquial language, contracts words into one and has a distinct cockney accent. An example of this can be seen in her first line of the play:†There’s menner f’yer! Te-oo branches o voylets trod into the mad† In this line Eliza created a contraction â€Å"f’yer†. She also used the incorrect tense when she said ‘trod†. Some of her words are expressed using the phonetic alphabet to give the impression of how they would sound. While she does so another member of the lower class draws her attention to a who is making note of everything she says.Eliza became quite distressed because she was afraid that she was going to be accused of prostitution. Her distress is shown through her repetition of I’m a good girl† and her cries like ‘ah-ow-ooh†. Her reaction demonstrates her vulnerability as a young woman from the lower classes. She has very little money but treasures her respectability, a charge of prositution would be damaging to her character and lower any opportunity for future advancement. This is a very significant scene because it introduces many of the key characters and establishes the plot which is based on Eliza’s training to behave like a woman. More importantly, this scene establishes Eliza’s voice. Her voice is emblematic of her low social class. Her vocabulary is limited. Her pronunciation is dreadful and she speaks with a cockney accent. Her voice at this point defines her identity. Eliza’s voice changes as the story progresses which is used to send a message about society. Eliza is dressed and tutored by Mr. higgins in order to appear like a lady. After a great deal of work she is mistaken for a foreign princess at a ball due to her excellent pronunciation.However, it is not until Act IV when she stands up to Mr. Higgins that she truly adopts her own distinctive voice. An example of this can be seen when she says â€Å"what’s to become of me? What’s to become of me†. This quote use rhetorical question and repetition to demonstrate her distressed state and also to show that she is thinking for herself and questioning the authority of Mr higgins. Shortly after she says â€Å" I said flowers. I didn’t sell myself. Now you’ve made a lady of me I’m not fit for anything else. I wish you’d left me where you’d found me. In this comment she juxtaposes her life before and after the experiment to compare the two and demonstrate that her options have been limited by participating in the experiment . These quotes display that she has learnt the right way to speak so that her social class has been disguised. This is a very significant scene in the play because it is the moment when Eliza truly finds her voice. Her manner of speaking is forceful and calculated which reveals her intelligence and sense of independence. She shows that beneath the appearance of a lady she is still the same person.She demands answers and takes control of her situation. This is the moment when she uses her voice to reclaim control over her life. Another distinctive voice in Pymalion is that Henry Higgins . is an important character in the play as he is Eliza’s tutor. He Is an expert in phonetics and is very proud of his skill and his ability to transform Eliza into a lady. However he fails to follow the rules of social conduct when they are out in public. This is evident in Act III when he was rude to the hostess saying: â€Å"fearful bore for you this sort of thing.Forgive my part in it†. However he is most rough with Eliza. His voice is characterised by the severe tone, high volume and use of profanity or insults. He also uses a harsh tone, particularly when talking to Eliza e. g â€Å"You won my bet! You! Presumptuous insect! / I won it. † In this quote he uses exclamations, repetition and italics to show his emotion. This quote uses exclamations and repetition of you to emphasise his emotion. He also uses the metaphor of Eliza as an insect to communicate his anger but also create the sense that she is small and meaningless.This quote shows his inability to acknowledge that eliza worked hard for the bet. â€Å" Damn Mrs. pearce ; and damn the coffee; and damn you: and wildly damn my own folly in having lavished my hard-earned knowledge and the treasure of my regard and intimacy on a heartless guttersnipe†. At this point Mr. Higgins has truly lost his temper. This is shown in the repetition of the curse â€Å"damn†. He has been hurt by what Eliza has said because he believes that she is ungrateful. Eliza has won the argument by making him lose his temper. He leaves in fury.This is another example of how tone, language choice and language devices can be used to create a individual voices. 22 is a song by Lily allen shows how dialogue can create a distinctive voice. It compares the optimistic plans and attitude of a yound and attractive 22 year old, to her 30 year old self. It is a song about disappointed dreams as she does not achieve what she hoped to and does not understand where her life went to wrong. The primary voice in the song is the narrator who describes her past and present self. The song begins with the juxtaposition of her young and old self.The young version had a world of opportunity open to her, the old version has past her prime and does not how to she got so lost. The choice of bright and night create an image in the reader’s mind and that she has moved from the light to the dark, from something good into something bad (imagery). Through the third person omniscient narration the reader learns about the thoughts, feelings and aspirations of the woman at different points in her life. The chorus gives us the voice of society which claims that her life is over because she is a woman who has passed a certain age. It also make use of juxtaposition to contrast her hopes as a 22 year old to the reality as a 30 year old. The chorus is repeated three times, this, this use of repetition is required for the structure of a song and it emphaises the power of the voice of society. Another strong voice in the poem is the voice of society. The voice of society is shown in the chorus. The voice of society says that at 30 she has reached her expiration date, she will not get a career or a husband if she has not already. The voice of society suggests that once she reaches a certain age she has lost her good looks and has no bright opportunities.The voice of society is a strong influence and its significance is emphasised as the chorus is repeated. The repetition of the chorus draws attention to society’s view and grants it power. The voice is an important tool that can be used to empower people, however it can also disempower people by revealing information about the past. In the song 22 by lily allen shows the voice of a bright, optimistic young woman, the voice of a downtrodden and disillusioned older woman and the overpowering voice of society.This song relates to Pygmalion because both texts deal with a young woman bound by the expectations of society. The voices of the main characters initially disempower them because they mark them as a outsiders who do not belong in Pleasantville. However, bud’s speech at the end of the film uses passion and inspiration to gain support. These distinctive voices reveal how spoken language can authorize characters and define their characteristics. This is imaginable through a range of language and aural techniques.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Euphoria

Euphoria Euphoria Euphoria By Maeve Maddox This word from the Greek referred originally to the ease and comfort felt by people who enjoy good health. The Greek elements are eu (well) and pherein (to bear/carry). Etymologically, euphoria is a feeling of well-being. The earliest use of euphoria in English (1684) is as a medical term. The right medicine could produce a feeling of euphoria in a sick person (i.e., make a sick person feel well). The adjective, introduced in 1888, is euphoric: euphoric: characterized by a feeling of well-being, cheerful; also, producing or causing cheerfulness. In modern usage, euphoria refers to a heightened feeling of well-being, such as the phenomenon referred to as â€Å"runner’s high†: runners high   (noun): a feeling of well-being or euphoria resulting from physical exercise, especially running. M-W Online defines euphoria as: â€Å"a feeling of well-being or elation; especially one that is groundless, disproportionate to its cause, or inappropriate to one’s life situation.† Here are some examples of usage from the Web: The few truly euphoric moments Ive experienced as a Steelers  fan The [prayer-induced] experience lasted probably only a second or two, but after it left my body I was left with this euphoria. Almost feeling like I was floating. At 2:49 p.m. on Monday, city native George Lobaton experienced the euphoria of crossing the finish line of the 26.2-mile Boston Marathon. What is it like to finish a novel? The first time you do it, you feel utter euphoria, and you should.   For [Ebola] survivors, the euphoria of having beaten the disease is soon followed by the battle to live with the stigma. [Volunteers helping the homeless] experience the euphoria that comes from doing something good for someone who can’t help you in return. Euphoria doesn’t last. The verbs commonly used to indicate its passing or dissolution are dissipate, evaporate, wear off, die down, and fade: Now that the euphoria has  worn off the cold hard facts remain. But now the euphoria has  subsided and the market [has undergone] a painful correction.   But now the euphoria has  faded - partly no doubt because Spain is settling down to normal democratic apathy   Now the euphoria has died down, its back to business as usual. Unfortunately, that euphoria typically dissipates when companies realize that the cloud technology they’ve invested in isn’t as easy or reliable as they thought it would be. But little remains of the euphoria from those winter days when the beginning of a new era seemed to be dawning in Ukraine. That euphoria, however, has evaporated. Here are some other nouns to name feelings of happiness and well-being: elation happiness joy delight glee excitement exhilaration jubilation exultation ecstasy bliss rapture Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Talking50 Types of Propaganda40 Idioms with First

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Market Segmentation & Product Brand strategy Essay

Market Segmentation & Product Brand strategy - Essay Example he delivery of orders (planes) and financing problems have reduced the profits for both the above suppliers (Tuggle 2009); however, the intervention of IATA in the reduction of supply chain costs in the US airline industry helped the industry to save about $17 billion in supply chain costs – helping the industry to face the effects of the global crisis (Clark 2011); b) power of customers; customers in the airline industry can choose among the industry’s firms, even if the availability of choices has been reduced due to the increase of M&A (see Graph 1 below); c) industry’s competition; competition in the US airline industry has been limited because of the expansion of mergers and acquisitions; the specific problem is clear in Graph 1 below; in 2010, the number of firms in the US airline industry has been reduced, allowing the existing firms to set easier their rules regarding the industry’s prices and priorities. On the other hand, from 2007 onwards, the industry’s profits have been negatively influenced because of the global crisis; in 2009, the specific industry reported a loss of $4 billion (Bozzo 2010); in 2010, the industry’s profits helped the airlines to cover the relevant loss – even partially; d) substitute products; substitute products are a common phenomenon in the airline industry. Customers who cannot afford to pay the high prices of well known airlines, can choose among low-fare airlines – even with lower quality of services (Zacks Equity Research 2011), e) new entrants; the operational costs of firms in the airline industry can be high; new entrants are difficult to threaten the industry’s existing firms. However, the increase of the power of existing competitors – through mergers – could be considered as a major threat for the industry’s firms. The view that supplier power is somewhat weak reflects the current status of competition in the airline industry. Indeed, Airbus and Boeing are the key suppliers in the particular

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Organizing and paying for American Eduction Essay

Organizing and paying for American Eduction - Essay Example If we talk about American educational structure, we observe that initial education involves kindergarten, nurseries, preschools, and day care centers. Then comes the primary education that consists of grades 1 to 7. Then, the middle education is offered which includes grades 4 to 8. After that, high schools include grades 8 to 12. After passing high schools, the student enters the University for higher education. A typical American school has a principal who runs the school primarily, an assistant principal, secretaries, coordinators, department heads, teachers, librarians, a physician in case of emergency, and canteen operators. The American Government arranges funds for its education sector through taxes which give enough revenue to run the institutions. The taxes include property tax, sales tax, income tax, and prize bonds. The government provides general funding which is equally distributed among all institutions; and, categorical funding which the provider provides for some part icular educational programs. However, it is a big challenge for the government to show to their public and local districts how properly the revenue obtained through taxes is spent on education because often local districts have to spend from their own pockets for the maintenance of institutions.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Spiders Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spiders - Research Proposal Example eight legs (Rollman and Taverna, 2008). It does not have a mouth to chew and it does not have wings which are common to other insects. Spiders produce silk but all spiders do not produce webs to hunt for other insects. Spider silk is also used by the creature for many other purposes such as climbing, building egg sacs, as well as immobilizing other creatures (Australian Museum, 2002). Their magnificent capabilities of adapting to new situations were tested in space as well where it was found that spiders could continue to spin their webs even without gravity once they had adapted to the environment (Wikipedia, 2008). This adaptation and the wide variety of spiders in the world also means that they are found all over the landmass of the planet from the jungles of brazil to the frozen tundra. Spiders have been found in deserts, near rivers, in densely populated cities and in the grasslands. They are found on all continents of the world and their habitat extends the planet (Australian Museum, 2002). The variety of the places they are found in is also reflected in the manner in which they mate since certain female spider species have been known to kill the male before or during the mating session which increases the chances of the male being the only one to mate with the female (Wikipedia, 2008). Beyond this aspect of their existence, certain spiders have also developed special adaptations which let them become better hunters or give them better chances of mating. For example, spiders which hunt near water may use bell shaped webs that are able to trap insects on the surface of the water. Some types of spiders have abandoned making webs altogether and have evolved into creatures that chase down their prey to hunt it (Wikipedia, 2008). Certain species of spiders also exhibit social behaviors such as living in a colony of thousands. In terms of size, depending on the environment they are in, spiders range from

Friday, November 15, 2019

Photography Representation of Reality

Photography Representation of Reality Introduction:- When we look into a photograph; we often tend to forget that this is not an image taken by a camera rather its a moment of a living being captured rather trapped forever. In china its a belief that photographs trap soul of a person; maybe its a myth or maybe its true also. Isnt it true that its stealing the very essence of your life for that particular fraction of time? A photographer or a painter tries to tell the entire story of life, happiness, misery, joy, patience, grace and all the possible human emotions encapsulated in one frame. This is the masterpiece which he tries to recreate his entire life. Photography emerged from Europe in early 19th century when concepts of positivist science came into focus. Positivism believes that the empirical truths can be established by visual evidence only. Empirical truths are facts that can be established through experimentation by recreating the circumstances for identical outcomes. In context of positivism the camera was taken to be a scientific tool for registering reality. Positivist theory believed that a photograph is not subjective to the psychology of the photographer but is subjective to the viewer who interprets the photo. Most of the time we see an image and we always co-relate it with ourselves , how it is connected to us what is the relation it has got with our lives; these are the general questions which comes in our mind while interoperating any image shown on newspaper, magazine or Television. Every image tries to tell some story behind it and it is mainly depends on person to person how they interpret it , because it could carry different meanings to the different people what kind of aesthetic values and taste they have got, what cultural, educational background they hold to understand its meaning and effects. â€Å" Photography transformed subject into object , and even one might say , into a museum object: in order to take the first portrait (around 1840) the subject had to assume long poses under a glass roof in bright sunlight ; to become an object made one suffer as much as a surgical operation ; then a device was invented , a kind of prosthesis invisible to the lens , which supported and maintained the body in its passage to immobility: this headrest was the pedestal of the statue i would become, the corset of my imaginary essence.† Roland Barthes (1982), Camera Lucida: Reflection on Photography: (Fontana Paperbacks).p.13 As said by Roland Barthes a French theorist; photography makes subject into an object and photographer always plays with his surgical devices like selection, framing and personalization to make it more attractive. It can be done through lots of technical knowledge and techniques. In this commercial world of advertisements, movies and magazines everything is sold by selling emotions shown in the images. The photographer has to perform as an art director who tries to sell the emotions through his graphical effects on masses. That is why success of famous brands and popularity of magazines and newspapers is mainly dependant on powerful images .The image values count on its being unique, powerful, strange, shocking, adventures, different, rare. According to Roland there are two levels of meaning of an image; a denotative and a connotative meaning of an image. An image can denote certain apparent truths. Denotative meaning means literal, descriptive meaning. However the same image can connote culturally specific meaning. Connotative meaning depends on cultural and historical context of the image which the viewers themselves have experienced. In other words its the viewers own interpretation of image based on their own experiences and beliefs in the cultural environment the viewer is living. Hence an image which is just a representation of reality actually invokes facts which are deeper than visible. â€Å"In Barthes model , in addition to the two levels of meaning of denotation and connotation , that is the sign , which is composed of the signifier and signified , which is the concept evoked by that word/image . in the Benetton ad, one interpretation could be that the burning car is the signifier and terrorism is the signified .The image (or word) and its meaning together (the signifier and signified together form the sign. Image/ sound word Signifier Meaning Signified = Sign†- Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright(2001), Practices of looking: An Introduction to Visual culture(Oxford: Oxford University Press), P.19 So every image has got one signifier and its meaning which we interpret is a signified which is equal to sign that means every image make us think what is the hidden meaning behind it, and most of the time photographer try to give that sign in that image or text which we see in newspapers, magazines or in television commercials. In still photography photographer try to give these effects by showing certain degree of subjectivity and objectivity it directly hits the conscious mind and also try to hit the sub-conscious mind of the interpreter. In most of the advertisement emphasis is given on masculinity and genders like Marlboro ads they always feature a cowboy going on a horse they both are signifier of power and masculinity, where a cowboy is shown on top of hill taking drags of cigarette on top of hill, Most of the under wear ads man is shown as powerful by showing features of his body and masculinity it creates a kind of attraction, but in real world who wears underwear is not alw ays as powerful as shown in these ads. People always try to co-relate themselves with these models. In female accessories advertisements model is always beautiful looking full of life wearing a good dress and using some products where they show she has become more beautiful after wearing certain product this image always leads to the kind of desire to look more beautiful. Photographer is always paid to create these kinds of powerful images to lure target audience. Still photography can create shock, adventure, fascination, disgust, anger, confusion. The photograph taken by weegee in 1940s image of a school children who see a murder in the street captured a fascination in that childs eyes which fascinates the interpreter in a same way the child is fascinated by that scene. Still photography of nude woman or a man is always a simple object of sex; there is no subjectivity involved. It does not give anything myth it is never shocking or adventurous it is just taken to create desire to have sex. Barthess concepts are particularly applicable on examining the photographic truth; however its not very much applicable on film images and television news images. As in those cases it is the music and the sequence of frames which decides the meaning rather than a particular frame. Ideology plays a very important role in how an image is perceived by a viewer. Ideologies are system of beliefs that exists in all culture. It is a broad, shared sets of values and beliefs through which an individual lives in sets on complex social relationships. An ideology gives the viewer the perception to view image of a partially filled glass as ‘half filled or ‘half empty. Ideology goes hand in hand with Barthes concept to denote the meaning of an image. Ideologies plays major role in interpretation of images it is different for different cultures based on their beliefs and values the way they live their life in particular society. One particular image can be adopted by one society or ideology but it could be taboo for another group of people. Like a picture of a pig on school books or images is very normal for one group of society but it could be understood as a taboo in Muslim Ideologies. In this case I can say perspective of the people differs from one society or ideology to another and this is a major fact how it is going to control the success of that image. Beliefs and set of rules is the major factor in interpretation of images and videos. â€Å"Photography is a kind primitive theatre, a kind of Tableau Vivant, a figuration of the motionless and made up face beneath which we see dead†- Roland Barthes (1982), Camera Lucida: Reflection on Photography: (Fontana Paperbacks).p.32 In old time people used to play the characters of the plays where they used to show their emotions by showing different expressions and the objective was to create drama in front of the public to bring out those emotions which was the requirement of the play but inside their make-ups and dresses they are not the same people which they portray in theatre .so as said by barthes Photography is also kind of theatre where people poses and try to imitate themselves by showing best out of them the full smiling faces if it is a photograph of a family everybody will stand closer to each other holding hands hugging and kissing so in photographs people try to show what meaning in should convey to the viewer it does not matter how much do they love each other or hate each other in reality. â€Å"Charles Pierce worked with a somewhat different model in which the signifier ( Word/ Image ) is distinguished not only from the signified (meaning) but also from the referent , or the object itself . In addition pierce defined categories of signs based on different kinds of relationship between signifiers and signified, for instance pierce made a distinction between indexical, iconic, and symbolic signs.† Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright(2001), Practices of looking: An Introduction to Visual culture(Oxford: Oxford University Press), P.20 Iconic and symbolic signs always plays a major role in Image world , For an example picture of mother and child always gives the straight meaning of motherhood , love and affection it is universal it is understood in all the languages and by all the people. Picture of famous actress Marilyn Monroe is an iconic symbol of sex and beauty since long time her iconic image hasnt changed. In every picture the reality and representation is not necessarily same some pictures the way they are taken and how a photographer represents it in the front of viewers is entirely dependent on his skills how he is going to personalize the particular event and by doing selection and framing how it looks like; Here comes the manipulation part every picture is not presented just as an object to create subjectivity he has to understand the right angle positions and framing. This thing is very common in commercial world of advertisements and movie making, director always target some audience and he raises certain issues to think what impact it will give after adding sound and visual effects and graphical effects. In silent movies everything is expressed by showing emotions and body gesture of the characters. In Advertisement of Benetton where a black lady is nursing a white baby gives direct impact of racism where in connotes lots of meaning to different group of people and every time t his picture says different stories some people might interpret it is based on unity, slavery or other general issues. In Advertisement of Hdfc bank they portray image of different people from different countries that means they are not catering one part of the world they are ready to serve people from different parts, cultural background and societies here comes the personalization. Every frame, color coding and background contributes to its meaning to different people. Manipulation of Images is very common now days so we cannot say that it is a piece of evidence , techniques are used to show the different things in different way emphasis is given how to create it more powerful the maximum impact on masses. The value of image is mainly its authenticity, true emotions, and hidden meanings. In television and news papers its value is how fast an issue has been covered and the channels those show the latest news or current events before any other channel becomes authentic news channel; so success of every news, advertisement or movie is based on its authenticity how it impresses viewers and how real it looks. Summary: To interpret images we need to examine the visual language the image is speaking. The image contains layers of truth and it relies in the viewers capacity to decode the language its trying to ‘speak. Reading and interpreting images is one way that we as viewers contribute by assign our culture to the interpreted meaning. Hence an image is a composite of subjective and objective meanings as said by Marita Sturken References: Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright(2001), Practices of looking: An Introduction to Visual culture(Oxford: Oxford University Press), P.20 Roland Barthes (1982), Camera Lucida: Reflection on Photography: (Fontana Paperbacks).p.32

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight Essay -- Medieval

The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight Sir Gawain and The Green Knight is an example of medieval misogyny. Throughout Medieval literature, specifically Arthurian legends like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the female characters, Guinevere, the Lady, and Morgan leFay are not portrayed as individuals but social constructs of what a woman should be. Guinevere plays a passive woman, a mere token of Arthur. The Lady is also a tool, but has an added role of temptress and adulteress. Morgan leFay is the ultimate conniving, manipulating, woman. While the three women in this legend have a much more active role than in earlier texts, this role is not a positive one; they are not individuals but are symbols of how men of this time perceive women as passive tokens, adulteresses, and manipulators. Guinevere from the very beginning of the legend is portrayed as a passive, typical lady of the court. In stanza four, the author describes Guinevere almost as a trophy or ornament of the court: "Queen Guinevere very gaily was gathered among them/....The prettiest lady that one may describe/She gleamed there with eyes of grey/To have seen one fairer to the sight/That no one could truly say" (74-84). Guinevere does not take an active role in the court. She does not have speaking role and basically just sits among the knights of the Round Table. Her passivity and silence could be the result of medieval anti-feminism. According to Bloch in medieval times what a woman wants is to speak. Medieval authors such as Andreas Capellanus, the supposed author of The Art of Courtly Love writes, "Furthermore, not only is every woman by nature a miser, but she is also envious, and a slanderer of other women......fickle in her speech,....a li... ... because of her beauty. And Morgan leafy while she might be an all-powerful sorcerer, she is a ultimately a manipulator and scapegoat. Works Cited: Bloch, R. Howard. Medieval Misogyny and the Invention of Western Romantic Love. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1991. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Sixth Edition, Volume One. General Ed. M.H. Abrams. New York: Norton, 1993. Works Consulted: Bennett, Michael J.   "The Historical Background" in A Companion to the Gawain-Poet, pp. 71-90.   Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson, editors.   Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1997. Putter, Ad.   An Introduction to the Gawain-poet.   New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1996. Riddy, Felicity.   "Jewels in Pearl" in A Companion to the Gawain-Poet, pp. 142-55.   Derek Brewer and Jonathan Gibson, editors.   Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 1997.